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4.1.1. POLISH COURT SYSTEM
Polish court system is four-tiered i.e. there are regional, provincial and appellate divisions plus the Supreme Court, which is the highest judicial organ and functions primarily as a court of appeal. The Supreme Court together with the lower instance courts are divided into criminal, civil, military, labour and family chambers. Judges are nominated by the National Judicial Council or by the president of the Republic of Poland for life. There is also the authority called the Constitutional Tribunal (Trybunał Konstytucyjny), which opinions legislation and in conflict cases or different decisions it exercises the authority of judicial review. In case of appeal or challenging the validity of a judgment we may take the following steps within the court-system in Poland (diagram representing the Polish court system is attached in the Appendix 1) (http://www.prawo.diplomacy.pl/sp/courts.htm).
- Supreme Court - Sąd Najwyższy (it has the power of cessation)
- Court of appeal (C.A.) - Sąd Apelacyjny (it may be appealed against)
- Regional Courts (R.C.) - Sąd Okręgowy (it may be appealed against)
- District Courts (D.C.) - Sąd Rejonowy
4.2. DEFINITION AND INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A POLISH JUDGMENT
Before analysing the structure of judgment we should focus on its very definition. According to Czajka, a judgment is a form of statement, opinion issued by the court relating to particular cases. Judgments are issued only by the courts (Czajka 2008:5).
The structure of judgments may vary according to the type and character of the proceedings. There are no two identical situations, because each judgment deals with different case and different people. However, people commit the same crimes every time and since we know that the only constant element of judgment is its framework, we may focus on analysing this framework. Some elements (headings) may be expressed differently, replaced with other components, the sequence of elements may be different and some elements e.g. grounds or justification of the court’s decision may be simply deleted. When it comes to translators they usually deal with the conclusion of judgment including the crucial aspect of a rendered decision.
Typically, each judgment consists of two parts: ‘rubrum’ (‘komparycja’), which is a reporting section of judgment. It provides information about the judgment and additional circumstances of issuing it. The second part is called ‘tenor’ and it is the dispository section where the court expresses the judgment. In most cases, Polish judgments tend to be issued in an abbreviated form. Despite the fact that most judgments are shortened, still a typical, model structure of a Polish judgment looks in the following way: (Matulewska 2006: 26-28); (Czajka 2008: 5).
4.2.1. SYGN. AKT DOCKET NUMBER
If it is accompanied by names of the parties then in a way it corresponds to English citation. The function of this component simply serves as a reference to other cases decided by different types of courts on similar cases. It is required in order to find a particular case in the future e.g. Sygn. akt I C 1101/05 (Matulewska 2005:29).
4.2.2. TYTUŁ TITLE
The title may inform on the type of proceedings, indicate the fact that it was rendered in the Republic of Poland or simply give the date of issuing the said judgment. The judgment described in this section is a judgment for payment issued by the Polish court in relation to labour conflict between the employer and the employee concerning the employer’s failure to pay due remuneration for work. In this case the title of judgments, which is the constant element of each judgment issued by the Polish court looks as follows:
‘Wyrok w imieniu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej’, translated as ‘Judgment in the name of the Republic of Poland’ (Matulewska 2005:28).
4.2.3. DATA DATE
According to a typical formulaic judgment we will observe a month written in words and the year followed by the abbreviation ‘r’ which stands for English year e.g.
Dnia 29 czerwca 2007 r. ‘ Dated 29 of June 2007’
4.2.4. IDENTIFICATION OF THE COURT AND DETAILS CONCERNING THE AUTHORIZED BODY
The next paragraph usually informs about the Division, which issued a given judgment, it indicates the names of judges, lay judges and a recording clerk. In case of judgment I chose there are only two elements i.e. (Matulewska 2005: 28-29):
Przewodniczący: S.S.O. Presiding Judge of the Regional Court
Protokolant Recording clerks
4.2.5. PARTIES TO PROCEEDINGS STRONY W POSTĘPOWANIU
Similar to English judgments, judgments expressed in Polish also include the names and surnames of the parties to the proceedings. It also usually indicates the type of proceedings, the type of judgment, which is to be rendered. It is usually expressed by means of the following words (Matulewska 2005: 29):
POLISH JUDGMENT
po rozpoznaniu w dniu 20 czerwca 2007 roku w Krakowie
sprawy z powództwa Sushma Semlani
przeciwko Wojciechowi Żewskiemu
o zapłatę
ENGLISH JUDGMENT
having heard, on the 20 day of June 2007
in Kraków
the case brought by the Petitioner, Sushma Semlani
against the Respondent, Wojciech Żelewski
for payment
4.2.6. MAIN BODY OF THE JUDGMENT
The main body of a typical Polish judgment contains the following elements:
a) the grounds for the judgment - uzasadnienie wyroku
b) findings of fact - ustalenie stanu faktycznego
c) final decision of the court - decyzja końcowa
Final decision may be given together with its justification and findings of fact may in fact be incorporated in the final decision. Obligatory elements are the judgment itself together with the findings of facts (Matulewska 2005:30).
4.2.7. UZASADNIENIE WYROKU TRANSLATED AS GROUNDS FOR THE JUDGMENT
Some formulaic expressions, which are likely to be found in this section are among others:
4.2.7.1. Sue Semlani w pozwie skierowanym przeciwko W. Zelewskiemu domagala się….
Sue Semlami in her claim against W. Żelewski demanded….
4.2.7.2. Na uzasadnienie swojego pozwu powódka wskazała, iż…
As the grounds for her claim the Claimant indicated that ……..
4.2.7.3. W pozwie powódka sprecyzowała również, że……..
In her claim the Claimant also indicated that ……..
4.2.7.4. W odpowiedzi na pozew pozwany wniósł o..
In reply to the statement of claim, the Defendant petitioned the court
4.2.7.5. W uzasadnieniu pozwu pozwany….
In support of the claim the Defendant …………
4.2.7.6. W piśmie procesowym z dnia…. Pozwany podniosl...
Additionally, in the pleading dated …the Defendant claimed ….
4.2.7.7. Między stronami bezspornym było, iż……….
It was undisputable between the parties that………..
4.2.7.8. Na podstawie wymienionej umowy pozwany zobowiązał się wypłacać powódce kwoty w wysokości... w terminie do 14 każdego miesiąca kalendarzowego tytułem wynagrodzenia za świadczone usługi oraz wydatki i koszty związane z reprezentacją i promowaniem firmy.
On the basis of the contract mentioned hereinabove the Defendant agreed to pay the Claimant the amount of ….as a remuneration for performed services within 14th of each calendar month as well as for the expenses and costs connected with the representation and advertising of the company.
4.2.7.9. Bezsporne było także, że pozwany zapłacił powódce wynagrodzenie za okres pięciu miesięcy jak również fakt, iż Sua Semlani nie podpisała żadnego kontraktu i nie nawiązała współpracy skutkiem której byłoby pozyskanie klientów dla firmy ELEKTRA...
The fact that the Defendant paid the Claimant the remuneration for five months was also undisputable as well as the fact that Sue Semlani did not sign any contract and failed to establish cooperation which would have resulted in winning new customers for the company ELEKTRA…
4.2.8. USTALENIE STANU FAKTYCZNEGO FINDINGS OF FACT
In this section a typical expression used in Polish judgments is: Sąd ustalił następujacy stan faktczny, which is translated as: The court ascertained the following findings of fact. Here the court usually determines the facts of the case, basing his decision mainly on the testimonies of the witnesses cross-examined in particular case (in Polish zeznania świadków).
4.2.9. DECYZJA KOŃCOWA (Z UZASADNIENIEM) FINAL DECISION (WITH JUSTIFICATION)
It is expressed by means of a typical formula i.e. Sąd zważył, co następuje translated as: ‘the court considered as follows…’ or by means of a single word i.e. Sąd… (English equivalent expression is usually a version of the expression: the court adjudges and decrees as follows…)
I. zasądza od pozwanego na rzecz powódki kwotę….
‘the Claimant be awarded from the Respondent the amount of....’
II. w pozostałym zakresie powództwo oddala
in further scope the action be dismissed
III. zasądza od pozwanego na rzecz powódki kwotę...tytułem zwrotu kosztów sądowych
the Claimant be awarded from the Defendant the court fees in the amount of….
IV. w pozostałym zakresie koszty postępowania wzajemnie znosi miedzy stronami
in further scope the court fees be distributed between the parties
V. oddala wniosek o nadanie wyrokowi rygoru natychmiastowej wykonalności
the claim for making an appealable judgment immediately effective be hereby dismissed
Typical formulas used in order to express the court’s decision together with justification thereof (which is optional and lacking in some judgments) are e.g.
4.2.9.1. W ocenie sądu wyniki postępowania przeprowadzonego w toku niniejszej sprawy pozwalają uznać za uzasadnione….
In the opinion of this court the results of the proceedings which took place during this case allow the court to acknowledge as justified....
4.2.9.2. Oceniając zasadność zadania pozwu należy odnieść się do….
Upon determination whether the claim is justified one has to refer to...
4.2.9.3. Analiza przeprowadzonych w sprawie dowodów (w szczególności zeznania…)
Examination of the evidence gathered in these proceedings (particularly testimonies of.....)
4.2.9.4. Sąd nie uwzględnił zarzutów strony pozwanej/powódki w zakresie...
The court did consider the charges brought by the Defendant/Claimant within the scope of…
4.2.9.5. Na zakwestionowanie prawdziwości czy istnienia.....nie pozwoliły także wyniki postępowania .... w sprawie.......
The results of the proceedings...in the case… did not allow for questioning the truthfulness or the existence of….
4.2.9.6. Odnosząc się z kolei do samego zadania zapłaty dochłodzonej na podstawie....należy w pierwszym rzędzie rozważyć zakres....
Referring to the payment itself demanded on the basis of…first of all one needs to consider the scope…
4.2.9.7. Jak wynika z zapisu punktu 3,,,,,,,,
As result from the stipulation of article 3...
4.2.9.8. Z treści...można wywieść....
From the content it may be derived as follows….
4.2.9.9. Z powyższego wynika.....
It results from the hereinabove...
4.2.9.10. W żaden sposób nie można uznać, że...........
In no way may it be decided, that...
4.2.9.11. Należy przyjąć (założenie), iż.........
It needs to be assumed (assumption), that...
4.2.9.12. W przedmiotowym stanie faktycznym trudno jest przy tym jednoznacznie ocenić....
In this factual state it is difficult to explicitly evaluate…
4.2.9.13. Miedzy stronami bezspornym jednak jest, ze.......
However, it is undisputable between the parties...
4.2.9.14. Zdaniem sądu żądanie powódki w zakresie... można uznać za uzasadnione....
In this court’s opinion the claim brought by the Claimant...may be deemed legitimate…
4.2.9.15. Z zapisu wynika jednoznacznie, że....
It explicitly follows from the provision that...
4.2.9.16. Nie jest natomiast uzasadnione żądanie...
However, the claim...is not legitimate…
4.2.9.17. Mając powyższe na uwadze sąd zasadzą...
Taking hereinabove in account the court awards…
4.2.9.18. Biorąc powyższe pod uwagę, sąd...
Therefore the court (taking the foregoing into consideration)....
4.2.9.19. Sąd uznał, że uzasadnione jest zasądzenie odsetek...
The court decided that the award of interests is justified…
4.2.9.20. Powyższe znajduje odzwierciedlenie w zeznaniach świadków....
The hereinabove is reflected in witnesses’ testimonies...
4.2.9.21. Sąd oddalił wniosek o nadanie wyrokowi rygoru natychmiastowej wykonalności, ponieważ w sprawie nie zachodziły okoliczności uzasadniające jego zastosowania...
The court dismissed the claim for making an appealable judgment immediately effective because in this case there were no circumstances justifying its application
4.2.9.22. O kosztach sad orzeka na zasadzie art...k.p.c. zasądzając na rzecz powódki/pozwanego kwotę ... oraz znosząc koszty postępowania w pozostałym zakresie miedzy stronami.
The court decides on costs based on the art….of the Polish Code of Civil Procedure awarding the petitioner/respondent the amount of… and in further scope distributes the court fees between the parties
4.2.10. PODPIS SIGNATURE
Finally, the signature of the person authorized to certify that the issues judgment is original. Such person usually used the following formula:
Na oryginale własciwe podpisy The original bears the actual signatures
Zgodność z oryginałem stwierdzam For the conformity with the original. (this is usually signed by the Referring clerk (in Polish: Referent)
4.2.11. DODATKOWE INFORMACJE O KOPII WYROKU ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE COPY OF JUDGMENT
Here one may find all additional information concerning the copy of the judgment (Matulewska 2005:31) expressed among others, in the following words:
4.2.11.1 Niniejszy odpis wyroku wydano z akt Sądu Rejonowego dla m.st…., ... Wydział ...., sygn. akt .... powódce... z zaznaczeniem, iż wyrok jest nieprawomocny/prawomocny.
This is a certified copy of the decree issued from the Records of the Regional Court of the... … Division, docket no…. to the Petitioner with a provisory that it is not a final and absolute/ that it is final and absolute.
4.2.11.2. Pobrano opłatę kancelaryjna w kwocie,,,,,
The Court Office fee in the amount off....was collected.
4.2. SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF POLISH JUDGMENTS
Polish judgments are usually expressed in the first person singular, in present tense that additionally underlines the performative character of judgment e.g. ‘Ogłaszam wyrok w imieniu Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej’ translated as ‘I hereby open the trial of the court in the name of the Republic of Poland’ or ‘ For these reasons the court held as follows…’ – ‘Wobec powyższego Trybunał orzeka co następuje…’ Polish performative expressions are among ot hers:
a) Sąd orzekł, co następuje... The court held/ruled/found as follows...
b) Wobec powyższego Sąd orzeka… For these reasons the Court holds…
c) Sąd oddala roszczenie w pozostałej części The Court dismiss the remainder of the applicant’s claim… (Bosiacka 2006:228).
When it comes to addresative expressions, they tend to present the hierarchy of social structure and a way to impose persuasive pressure and they should not be omitted in court translations e.g. my learned friend (Zieliński in Bosiacka 2006:228) e.g. ‘Counsel for the Defence’. In terms of the court’s final decision, it is typically expressed by means of mandative subjunctive, which is intended to express demands, orders, strong suggestions or requirements together with the following verbs: require, request, insist, demand, order, stress, suggest, propose or adjectives like imperative e.g. ‘The Court orders (it is ordered) that the Petitioner be given the Respondent, with a true copy of the Petition for Divorce’ (Bosiacka 2006:225).
Polish court system is four-tiered i.e. there are regional, provincial and appellate divisions plus the Supreme Court, which is the highest judicial organ and functions primarily as a court of appeal. The Supreme Court together with the lower instance courts are divided into criminal, civil, military, labour and family chambers. Judges are nominated by the National Judicial Council or by the president of the Republic of Poland for life. There is also the authority called the Constitutional Tribunal (Trybunał Konstytucyjny), which opinions legislation and in conflict cases or different decisions it exercises the authority of judicial review. In case of appeal or challenging the validity of a judgment we may take the following steps within the court-system in Poland (diagram representing the Polish court system is attached in the Appendix 1) (http://www.prawo.diplomacy.pl/sp/courts.htm).
- Supreme Court - Sąd Najwyższy (it has the power of cessation)
- Court of appeal (C.A.) - Sąd Apelacyjny (it may be appealed against)
- Regional Courts (R.C.) - Sąd Okręgowy (it may be appealed against)
- District Courts (D.C.) - Sąd Rejonowy
4.2. DEFINITION AND INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A POLISH JUDGMENT
Before analysing the structure of judgment we should focus on its very definition. According to Czajka, a judgment is a form of statement, opinion issued by the court relating to particular cases. Judgments are issued only by the courts (Czajka 2008:5).
The structure of judgments may vary according to the type and character of the proceedings. There are no two identical situations, because each judgment deals with different case and different people. However, people commit the same crimes every time and since we know that the only constant element of judgment is its framework, we may focus on analysing this framework. Some elements (headings) may be expressed differently, replaced with other components, the sequence of elements may be different and some elements e.g. grounds or justification of the court’s decision may be simply deleted. When it comes to translators they usually deal with the conclusion of judgment including the crucial aspect of a rendered decision.
Typically, each judgment consists of two parts: ‘rubrum’ (‘komparycja’), which is a reporting section of judgment. It provides information about the judgment and additional circumstances of issuing it. The second part is called ‘tenor’ and it is the dispository section where the court expresses the judgment. In most cases, Polish judgments tend to be issued in an abbreviated form. Despite the fact that most judgments are shortened, still a typical, model structure of a Polish judgment looks in the following way: (Matulewska 2006: 26-28); (Czajka 2008: 5).
4.2.1. SYGN. AKT DOCKET NUMBER
If it is accompanied by names of the parties then in a way it corresponds to English citation. The function of this component simply serves as a reference to other cases decided by different types of courts on similar cases. It is required in order to find a particular case in the future e.g. Sygn. akt I C 1101/05 (Matulewska 2005:29).
4.2.2. TYTUŁ TITLE
The title may inform on the type of proceedings, indicate the fact that it was rendered in the Republic of Poland or simply give the date of issuing the said judgment. The judgment described in this section is a judgment for payment issued by the Polish court in relation to labour conflict between the employer and the employee concerning the employer’s failure to pay due remuneration for work. In this case the title of judgments, which is the constant element of each judgment issued by the Polish court looks as follows:
‘Wyrok w imieniu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej’, translated as ‘Judgment in the name of the Republic of Poland’ (Matulewska 2005:28).
4.2.3. DATA DATE
According to a typical formulaic judgment we will observe a month written in words and the year followed by the abbreviation ‘r’ which stands for English year e.g.
Dnia 29 czerwca 2007 r. ‘ Dated 29 of June 2007’
4.2.4. IDENTIFICATION OF THE COURT AND DETAILS CONCERNING THE AUTHORIZED BODY
The next paragraph usually informs about the Division, which issued a given judgment, it indicates the names of judges, lay judges and a recording clerk. In case of judgment I chose there are only two elements i.e. (Matulewska 2005: 28-29):
Przewodniczący: S.S.O. Presiding Judge of the Regional Court
Protokolant Recording clerks
4.2.5. PARTIES TO PROCEEDINGS STRONY W POSTĘPOWANIU
Similar to English judgments, judgments expressed in Polish also include the names and surnames of the parties to the proceedings. It also usually indicates the type of proceedings, the type of judgment, which is to be rendered. It is usually expressed by means of the following words (Matulewska 2005: 29):
POLISH JUDGMENT
po rozpoznaniu w dniu 20 czerwca 2007 roku w Krakowie
sprawy z powództwa Sushma Semlani
przeciwko Wojciechowi Żewskiemu
o zapłatę
ENGLISH JUDGMENT
having heard, on the 20 day of June 2007
in Kraków
the case brought by the Petitioner, Sushma Semlani
against the Respondent, Wojciech Żelewski
for payment
4.2.6. MAIN BODY OF THE JUDGMENT
The main body of a typical Polish judgment contains the following elements:
a) the grounds for the judgment - uzasadnienie wyroku
b) findings of fact - ustalenie stanu faktycznego
c) final decision of the court - decyzja końcowa
Final decision may be given together with its justification and findings of fact may in fact be incorporated in the final decision. Obligatory elements are the judgment itself together with the findings of facts (Matulewska 2005:30).
4.2.7. UZASADNIENIE WYROKU TRANSLATED AS GROUNDS FOR THE JUDGMENT
Some formulaic expressions, which are likely to be found in this section are among others:
4.2.7.1. Sue Semlani w pozwie skierowanym przeciwko W. Zelewskiemu domagala się….
Sue Semlami in her claim against W. Żelewski demanded….
4.2.7.2. Na uzasadnienie swojego pozwu powódka wskazała, iż…
As the grounds for her claim the Claimant indicated that ……..
4.2.7.3. W pozwie powódka sprecyzowała również, że……..
In her claim the Claimant also indicated that ……..
4.2.7.4. W odpowiedzi na pozew pozwany wniósł o..
In reply to the statement of claim, the Defendant petitioned the court
4.2.7.5. W uzasadnieniu pozwu pozwany….
In support of the claim the Defendant …………
4.2.7.6. W piśmie procesowym z dnia…. Pozwany podniosl...
Additionally, in the pleading dated …the Defendant claimed ….
4.2.7.7. Między stronami bezspornym było, iż……….
It was undisputable between the parties that………..
4.2.7.8. Na podstawie wymienionej umowy pozwany zobowiązał się wypłacać powódce kwoty w wysokości... w terminie do 14 każdego miesiąca kalendarzowego tytułem wynagrodzenia za świadczone usługi oraz wydatki i koszty związane z reprezentacją i promowaniem firmy.
On the basis of the contract mentioned hereinabove the Defendant agreed to pay the Claimant the amount of ….as a remuneration for performed services within 14th of each calendar month as well as for the expenses and costs connected with the representation and advertising of the company.
4.2.7.9. Bezsporne było także, że pozwany zapłacił powódce wynagrodzenie za okres pięciu miesięcy jak również fakt, iż Sua Semlani nie podpisała żadnego kontraktu i nie nawiązała współpracy skutkiem której byłoby pozyskanie klientów dla firmy ELEKTRA...
The fact that the Defendant paid the Claimant the remuneration for five months was also undisputable as well as the fact that Sue Semlani did not sign any contract and failed to establish cooperation which would have resulted in winning new customers for the company ELEKTRA…
4.2.8. USTALENIE STANU FAKTYCZNEGO FINDINGS OF FACT
In this section a typical expression used in Polish judgments is: Sąd ustalił następujacy stan faktczny, which is translated as: The court ascertained the following findings of fact. Here the court usually determines the facts of the case, basing his decision mainly on the testimonies of the witnesses cross-examined in particular case (in Polish zeznania świadków).
4.2.9. DECYZJA KOŃCOWA (Z UZASADNIENIEM) FINAL DECISION (WITH JUSTIFICATION)
It is expressed by means of a typical formula i.e. Sąd zważył, co następuje translated as: ‘the court considered as follows…’ or by means of a single word i.e. Sąd… (English equivalent expression is usually a version of the expression: the court adjudges and decrees as follows…)
I. zasądza od pozwanego na rzecz powódki kwotę….
‘the Claimant be awarded from the Respondent the amount of....’
II. w pozostałym zakresie powództwo oddala
in further scope the action be dismissed
III. zasądza od pozwanego na rzecz powódki kwotę...tytułem zwrotu kosztów sądowych
the Claimant be awarded from the Defendant the court fees in the amount of….
IV. w pozostałym zakresie koszty postępowania wzajemnie znosi miedzy stronami
in further scope the court fees be distributed between the parties
V. oddala wniosek o nadanie wyrokowi rygoru natychmiastowej wykonalności
the claim for making an appealable judgment immediately effective be hereby dismissed
Typical formulas used in order to express the court’s decision together with justification thereof (which is optional and lacking in some judgments) are e.g.
4.2.9.1. W ocenie sądu wyniki postępowania przeprowadzonego w toku niniejszej sprawy pozwalają uznać za uzasadnione….
In the opinion of this court the results of the proceedings which took place during this case allow the court to acknowledge as justified....
4.2.9.2. Oceniając zasadność zadania pozwu należy odnieść się do….
Upon determination whether the claim is justified one has to refer to...
4.2.9.3. Analiza przeprowadzonych w sprawie dowodów (w szczególności zeznania…)
Examination of the evidence gathered in these proceedings (particularly testimonies of.....)
4.2.9.4. Sąd nie uwzględnił zarzutów strony pozwanej/powódki w zakresie...
The court did consider the charges brought by the Defendant/Claimant within the scope of…
4.2.9.5. Na zakwestionowanie prawdziwości czy istnienia.....nie pozwoliły także wyniki postępowania .... w sprawie.......
The results of the proceedings...in the case… did not allow for questioning the truthfulness or the existence of….
4.2.9.6. Odnosząc się z kolei do samego zadania zapłaty dochłodzonej na podstawie....należy w pierwszym rzędzie rozważyć zakres....
Referring to the payment itself demanded on the basis of…first of all one needs to consider the scope…
4.2.9.7. Jak wynika z zapisu punktu 3,,,,,,,,
As result from the stipulation of article 3...
4.2.9.8. Z treści...można wywieść....
From the content it may be derived as follows….
4.2.9.9. Z powyższego wynika.....
It results from the hereinabove...
4.2.9.10. W żaden sposób nie można uznać, że...........
In no way may it be decided, that...
4.2.9.11. Należy przyjąć (założenie), iż.........
It needs to be assumed (assumption), that...
4.2.9.12. W przedmiotowym stanie faktycznym trudno jest przy tym jednoznacznie ocenić....
In this factual state it is difficult to explicitly evaluate…
4.2.9.13. Miedzy stronami bezspornym jednak jest, ze.......
However, it is undisputable between the parties...
4.2.9.14. Zdaniem sądu żądanie powódki w zakresie... można uznać za uzasadnione....
In this court’s opinion the claim brought by the Claimant...may be deemed legitimate…
4.2.9.15. Z zapisu wynika jednoznacznie, że....
It explicitly follows from the provision that...
4.2.9.16. Nie jest natomiast uzasadnione żądanie...
However, the claim...is not legitimate…
4.2.9.17. Mając powyższe na uwadze sąd zasadzą...
Taking hereinabove in account the court awards…
4.2.9.18. Biorąc powyższe pod uwagę, sąd...
Therefore the court (taking the foregoing into consideration)....
4.2.9.19. Sąd uznał, że uzasadnione jest zasądzenie odsetek...
The court decided that the award of interests is justified…
4.2.9.20. Powyższe znajduje odzwierciedlenie w zeznaniach świadków....
The hereinabove is reflected in witnesses’ testimonies...
4.2.9.21. Sąd oddalił wniosek o nadanie wyrokowi rygoru natychmiastowej wykonalności, ponieważ w sprawie nie zachodziły okoliczności uzasadniające jego zastosowania...
The court dismissed the claim for making an appealable judgment immediately effective because in this case there were no circumstances justifying its application
4.2.9.22. O kosztach sad orzeka na zasadzie art...k.p.c. zasądzając na rzecz powódki/pozwanego kwotę ... oraz znosząc koszty postępowania w pozostałym zakresie miedzy stronami.
The court decides on costs based on the art….of the Polish Code of Civil Procedure awarding the petitioner/respondent the amount of… and in further scope distributes the court fees between the parties
4.2.10. PODPIS SIGNATURE
Finally, the signature of the person authorized to certify that the issues judgment is original. Such person usually used the following formula:
Na oryginale własciwe podpisy The original bears the actual signatures
Zgodność z oryginałem stwierdzam For the conformity with the original. (this is usually signed by the Referring clerk (in Polish: Referent)
4.2.11. DODATKOWE INFORMACJE O KOPII WYROKU ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE COPY OF JUDGMENT
Here one may find all additional information concerning the copy of the judgment (Matulewska 2005:31) expressed among others, in the following words:
4.2.11.1 Niniejszy odpis wyroku wydano z akt Sądu Rejonowego dla m.st…., ... Wydział ...., sygn. akt .... powódce... z zaznaczeniem, iż wyrok jest nieprawomocny/prawomocny.
This is a certified copy of the decree issued from the Records of the Regional Court of the... … Division, docket no…. to the Petitioner with a provisory that it is not a final and absolute/ that it is final and absolute.
4.2.11.2. Pobrano opłatę kancelaryjna w kwocie,,,,,
The Court Office fee in the amount off....was collected.
4.2. SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF POLISH JUDGMENTS
Polish judgments are usually expressed in the first person singular, in present tense that additionally underlines the performative character of judgment e.g. ‘Ogłaszam wyrok w imieniu Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej’ translated as ‘I hereby open the trial of the court in the name of the Republic of Poland’ or ‘ For these reasons the court held as follows…’ – ‘Wobec powyższego Trybunał orzeka co następuje…’ Polish performative expressions are among ot hers:
a) Sąd orzekł, co następuje... The court held/ruled/found as follows...
b) Wobec powyższego Sąd orzeka… For these reasons the Court holds…
c) Sąd oddala roszczenie w pozostałej części The Court dismiss the remainder of the applicant’s claim… (Bosiacka 2006:228).
When it comes to addresative expressions, they tend to present the hierarchy of social structure and a way to impose persuasive pressure and they should not be omitted in court translations e.g. my learned friend (Zieliński in Bosiacka 2006:228) e.g. ‘Counsel for the Defence’. In terms of the court’s final decision, it is typically expressed by means of mandative subjunctive, which is intended to express demands, orders, strong suggestions or requirements together with the following verbs: require, request, insist, demand, order, stress, suggest, propose or adjectives like imperative e.g. ‘The Court orders (it is ordered) that the Petitioner be given the Respondent, with a true copy of the Petition for Divorce’ (Bosiacka 2006:225).
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